The+Rise+and+Spread+of+Islam

You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Arabia before Islam Time Period: 500 – 600 CE Trade was long distance because the Bedouins were nomadic and they flocked to Mecca once a year for city trade. || The Bedouin peoples lived in nomadic tribes in Arabia, where conditions for agriculture were not good. || The main interactions between different clans were to fight. They were only brought together in times of emergency. || Though believing in many gods, religion didn’t have a big impact on the lifestyle of the Bedouin clans. ||
 * ESPIRIT Chart**
 * E || * Bedouin economy was based on camel and goat herding
 * **Mecca** was a trading center- religious shrine attracted customers in Arabian bazaars
 * Women had economic roles because men were always on the move
 * S || * Bedouin herders lived in clan groups in mobile tents; led by shaykhs- under them were free warriors then slave families
 * Women had more freedom- did not wear veils- still not considered equal to men
 * Poetry was important to the clans- provided a vision of life
 * P || * Shaykhs led their clans- not as dictators, but guiders- people were given more freedom ||
 * I || * Wars broke out between clans usually due to issues with land
 * Wars started easily; usually when one clan felt insulted
 * R || * City of Mecca had Ka’ba- famous religious shrine
 * Clans were polytheistic
 * Religion had little to do with ethics
 * It is thought that some clans didn’t even take their gods seriously
 * I || * **Umayyad** clan of the **Quraysh** Bedouin tribe founded **Mecca** ||
 * T || * Poetry- expressed orally b/c there was no written language at the time ||


 * 5 Pillars of Islam (Sunni)**


 * Shahada-** states monotheism and accepts Muhammad as the messenger of God
 * Salat**- daily prayer of Islam; consists of 5 prayers- Fajr-at dawn, Dhuhr- at noon, Asr- afternoon, Maghrib- sunset, Isha'a- evening
 * Zakat-** practice of charitable giving to others in need to create less of an inequality among people; 4 principles must be followed- 1. giver must declare to God to give the Zakah, 2. Zakah must be paid on the day it is due, 3. Payment must be 2.5% of income if wealthy or paid in good deeds if not, 4. Zakah must be distributed in the community it was given
 * Sawm-** fasting
 * Hajj-** the pilgrimage to Mecca


 * 5 Pillars of Islam (Shia)**


 * Monotheism-** God is one and unique
 * Justice-** moral rightness is based on ethics, fairness, and equity
 * Last Judgment-** God's final assessment with humanity
 * Prohpethood-** God sends prophets to guide mankind
 * Leadership-** succeeded the institution of Prophethood; appointees are divinely chosen



__Spread of Islam Video__ · Muhammad born around 570 CE in Arabian peninsula · Raised by his uncle- Bedouin leader · Poetry was very important- poetry bound Bedouins together · Water considered precious b/c it was hard to come by- lived in deserts · Water caused fighting between clans · The Kabah was important to religion (polytheistic)- it made Mecca a big trading center- much cultural mixing · Muhammad became a merchant · He sought to spread the message that God is the only god- monotheism · Islam created spiritual equality amongst all kinds of people including women and other races · His wife and his uncle died in 619 CE- this opened doors to those who wanted to kill Muhammad · 622 CE marked year 1 in the Islamic calendar · Medina became the city of the prophet · Muhammad suggested that people should pray toward the Kabah in Mecca · In 630 Muhammad’s army returned to Mecca with 10,000 people · He smashed the pagan idles- he broke apart the tribal system- he destroyed their gods


 * __How did the death of Muhammad lead to the Expansion of Islam?__**

Muhammad's death in 632 CE caused a crisis.The Umayya clan took over the Muslim faith and set out to spread it across the earth. **Abu Bakr** was the first **caliph** after Muhammad's death. The **Ridda Wars** began after turning back on attacks on Mecca.


 * __What were the motivations for Islamic conquest?__**

It is thought that the early leaders of the community saw the wars of conquest as a good way to release the energy of the bedouin tribes they sought to lead. Warriors were attracted to campaigns of expansion by being promised a piece of the treasure that would be acquired after raiding the farmlands. Their conquests became known as **jihads,** which are wars started to spread the Muslim faith.


 * __How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries?__**

Because the religion of the Sasanian Empire of Persia, Zoroastrianism, lacked popular roots, their empire was weak. They tried to defend their borders, but had very weak armies. The Arabs overpowered Sasanian territory and took the capital city. In 651, the Muslims completely took over the empire. The Byzantine Empire, though, was much stronger. But members of the Christian sects within the empire were unhappy with all the taxing. They rallied with the Muslims in exchange for converting their religion for being taxed less. The Muslims eventually took over.


 * __What caused the major division in Islam?__**

In 656, tensions over how the booty would be divided, broke into violence. **Uthman,** the third caliph was murdered by warriors returning from Egypt. Ali became the next caliph. In the **Battle of Siffin** in 657, he was won over by a plea for mediation. **Mu'awiya,** the Umayyad leader was made caliph in Jerusalem, challenging Ali's position. The **Sunni's** backed the Umayyads and the **Shi'a** supported Ali. Their conflict was over who had the right to succeed Muhammad.


 * __What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads?__**

Mecca was still the holy city but **Damascus** in Syria was the political center for the Umayyads. By the early 700s, the Umayyads had territory ranging from Spain to the steppes of central Asia. It was the fastest built empire since Rome.


 * __How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads?__**


 * Mawali,** Muslim converts, had to pay property taxes. They got no share of the booty and it was very difficult for them to get positions in the bureaucracy. Muslim leaders tolerated religions of the **dhimmi.**


 * __Explain gender structures under the Umayyads__.**

Teachings show that men and women were equal before God and Islamic worship. Women played important roles in creating the Qur'an and in the battles with the Meccans. But women weren't allowed to lead prayers.


 * __What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads?__**

It was lergely due due to the rebellions and conspiracies in the empire. It led to the slaughter of many in the Umayyad family. This started the Abbasid Era.

**ESPIRIT Chart** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group: Abbasid Empire Time Period: 600- 1300 CE
 * E || During the Abbasid era, expansion and growth became common
 * the Afro-Eurasian trading network was revived- fell during Han Dynasty
 * Abbasid - east; Tang and Song – west; revived the trading commercial system
 * **Dhows-** ** sailing vessels with triangular sails **; Small; had two masts; wooden plank; wooden hulls; small design made it easy to travel; fast; People that used them traveled with the monsoon winds; Contributed to the expansion of Muslim faith because merchants traveled very far
 * Merchants and landlords became wealthy; would travel and work all day; brought the empire wealth and supplied the empire with goods
 * The profits made in trading was invested into commercial enterprises; buildings, land, political establishments, shops, charity (as explained by the 5 pillars), and religion
 * Donations were made to hospitals; this caused medicine to develop
 * Empire was falling because caliphs kept trying to establish new capitals near the old one; wanted new mosques and buildings; couldn’t support troops because building cost much money
 * Taxes rose; caused destruction of some villages
 * **Chinggis Khan (Mongol)** invaded the Abbasid Empire; died before the empire fell; his son **Hulegu** took over; captured Baghdad in 1258 ||
 * S || Merchants and landlords became wealthy compared to peasants and slaves.
 * Artisans ; poor despite their hard work and their ability to produce valued goods ; praised for their art
 * Slaves worked as servants in wealthy and aristocratic families; aided the caliph and his advisors; were able to buy or gain their freedom if they did enough work
 * **Ayan**; longtime landlords; some were warriors who invested in a share of the land
 * Peasants did not own land; worked as tenants
 * Women were bound to the house; sometimes used as slaves; could gain freedom if they had healthy sons; age 9 was when a woman could get married ||
 * P || Abbasid rulers adopted the luxurious lifestyles the Umayyads had before them
 * Caliphs sat on jewel-encrusted thrones; similar to those of the ancient Persian Empire ; kept absolute power over their followers and the non-followers
 * **Wazir**- chief administrator of the caliph's inner council; leader of the bureaucrats
 * The Abbasid were able to collect tax from all their subjects in the empire
 * **Al-Mahdi (775-785)**- caliph that led to the fall of the Abbbasid Empire; had luxury and monumental buildings; caused financial problems for succeeding caliphs; his oldest son succeeded him; he was poisoned and died
 * **Harun al-Rashid (786-809)**- caliph right after the death of al-Mahdi's son died; after al-Rashid’s death there were civil wars about who would succeed him
 * Struggle of who would become caliph caused the separation of Egypt ads Syria from the empire; they formed their own kingdoms
 * **Buyids-** invaded the Abbasid Empire; Baghdad captured; took the name **Sultan;** ruled the Muslims and the caliphs
 * **Seljuk Turks** ** invaded the Buyids, ruled the remaining empire, took the names of the caliphs, and were Sunnis- wanted to get rid of the Shi’a **
 * ** the Christians tried to gain control of Jerusalem- 8 crusades **
 * **Saladin** led an army and reunited most of the lands taken by the crusades
 * Fall of Acre 1291- Christians lost their kingdoms ||
 * I || Because trading was revived, the Abbasids were able to interact with different civilizations.
 * Dhows and merchants connected the world by trade
 * Afro-Eurasian trading network was reestablished; interactions between India, Europe, and Africa- new goods and materials were brought to the Muslim world ||
 * R || Unlike in the Umayyad era, people were encouraged to join the Islamic faith.
 * Money wasn’t longer divided among the religion's followers.
 * People were encouraged to convert to Islam
 * Converts were considered equal to those who were raised with it
 * People converted because of the benefits; people weren’t taxed ; it had a wide appeal because it gave structure to daily life ||
 * I || Advances in mathematics and science preserved the knowledge of civilizations before them.
 * Saved the Greek writing on topics of medicine, geometry, algebra, anatomy, astronomy; the Muslims rewrote them in Arabic; copies were made and dispersed throughout the empire
 * In India they learned the Indian number system; developed the Arabic number system- still used today
 * Persian literature was admired
 * Muslims edited Greek mathematic theories
 * Chemistry; al-Razi broke down all materials into 3 categories; animals, vegetables, and minerals; al-Biruni calculated 18 weights of specific minerals; created tables and maps of stars; Cairo had the best hospitals in the world ||
 * T || Technology became more advanced as the empire expanded.
 * Establishments- windmills; rest houses; water pumps
 * The damascene sword was a highly praised sword
 * Mosques and palaces became larger and more decorative ||
 * __Stateless Societies:__** though stateless societies thrived, the weren't able to mobilize for war or complete big tasks that larger societies could.
 * some African cultures had rulers who controlled through a hierarchy
 * stateless society- culture or civilization without a centralized authority
 * had forms of government, but the power exercised by a ruler or court could be held by families or the community
 * no need to tax the population to support the ruler, army, etc.
 * secret societies in west African forest had customs where rulers were limited to authority- especially among peoples who had rivalries between lineages or families
 * they settled village disputes
 * maintained stability in the community
 * stateless societies thrived because disputes were settled by creating new villages
 * but it was difficult to prepare for war, or organize large building projects, and create long-distance trade
 * __Songhay Kingdom:__**
 * as the power of Mali decreased, the people of Songhay dominated middle areas of Niger Valley
 * Muhammad the Great- extended the borders of the empire so by the 1500s, Songhay ruled central Sudan