Russia+and+China+1914+-+Present


 * In Depth p.684**
 * rural discontent and peasant contribution was important to more modern revolutions because they were pressured by population growth and resented bit landowners
 * the industrial revolution was a major contribution for many modern revolutions- machines gave people less working opportunity
 * returning soldiers and neglected veterans started some revolutions- economic depression and military rivalries of industrial powers
 * communist ideals played a role in starting revolutions- Marx, Lenin, Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh were political leaders and communist theorists- they wanted to bring down social groups and create equal societies
 * Western influence also played a big role- Mexico, Russia, and China wanted to decrease Western economic control- many revolutions were anti-western

1.) Machines had become an integral part of industry and production. Workers were becoming replaced by machinery. Peasants were heavily taxed. In Mexico, many lost their jobs due to money lenders and they often started riots. Workers often had terrible working conditions in China. Both nations sought to exclude the West from from having too much influence on their own national markets and political systems.

2.) Communist groups played a role in starting revolutions because they sought to create a non-Western society and economy. Marx, Lenin, Zedong, and Chi Minh were key leaders in sparking these changes. They were successful in their attempts, but they weren't well accepted among the people. The people had started revolutions to overthrow those leaders so create more capitalist economies and democratic governments, like the West.

3.) All three revolutions had influences from communist leaders. All of the nations wanted to remove Western influence and create their own successful government, society, and economy. Peasants were forced to pay higher taxes than the rest of the people. Industrialization played a big role in all three of these revolutions. Machinery and technology beat people for jobs.

__MI: The Russian Revolution was one of the most successful risings in human history thanks the powerful leaders such as Lenin and Stalin with their Communist ideals.__ __Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703__ __MI: Stalin was devoted to make the Soviet Union an industrial society with him in complete control of the state.__
 * __Revolution in Russia p681-685__**
 * **Alexander Kerensky-** Russian revolutionary leader- wanted to see parliamentary rule and religious freedom for Russia- tried to push a liberal movement unto the people in March 1917
 * Russia wanted a liberal movement, but liberalism wasn't strong due to the small middle class
 * leaders were eager to maintain war effort in WWI, but the war only worsened the economic conditions and morale of the people
 * in November 1917 a second revolution took place which got rid of liberal leadership and brought in a radical leader
 * **Bolshevik-** known as the Communist Party, took rule over Russia during the second revolution and named Lenin the ruler- radical rule
 * **Vladimir Lenin-** quickly gained a strong position among the public- ruler of Russia- believed that revolution shouldn't come from mass action, but tightly organized cells whose leaders had a plan- he and the Bolsheviks faced many problems from the start of their rule; died in 1924
 * they signed a peace treaty with Germany that gave away large chunks of Russia in return for peace- treaty soon nullified by Germany
 * Russia was ignored at the Treaty of Versailles peace conference- Russia's grievances against the Treaty of Versailles helped to motivate Russia towards expansionism
 * Russia experienced a civil war from 1918-1921- tsarist generals, peasants, and minority nationalities faced the communist regimes
 * communist measures, economic distress, and revolutionary disarray caused the tension to begin the fighting
 * Lenin redistributed land to the peasants and then took over basic industry
 * this caused major job loss and famine, which helped aid in the cause for the civil war against the government
 * **Red Army-** army under the leadership of Leon Trotsky- a communist party army-
 * **New Economic Policy-** 1921 Lenin issued policy that promised freedom of action for small businesses and peasant landowners
 * Russia continued to set basic economic policies- food production began to recover and communist regime became more stable
 * **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-** new constitution in 1923 set up new capital in Moscow and a federal system of socialist republics- dominance of ethnic Russians was preserved but Jews and other groups were not represented
 * **Supreme Soviet-** was similar to a parliament and elected by universal suffrage- but election competition was was not allowed- Communist Party controlled the body which served to ratify decisions made by the executive
 * **Joseph Stalin-** became the leader of the Soviet Union- represented a strong nationalist version of communism-
 * **Comintern-** Communist International office- this was set up to help communism become widespread and take over the world
 * **Collectivization-** massive program to collectivize agriculture began in 1928- large, state-run farms were built- peasants joined by government force
 * **Five-Year Plans-** Stalin set up a system of plans under the state planning commission and began to set priorities for industrial development- government constructed factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power- all of this set Russia apart from the Western world of banking and trading patterns- Peter the Great's policies were almost completely gone
 * Becoming and industrial state produced many of the same numbers and results as of those in the West- factory conditions were strict on peasants
 * Communist policy established a network of welfare systems- workers had recreational programs and vacations as well as protection in cases of illness
 * **Socialist Realism-** realistic art that emphasized heroic idealizations of of workers, soldiers, and peasants
 * Stalin didn't allow much scientific inquiry because he believed it was going against the ideas of Marx- many scientists were ruined by government persecution

__Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759__ __MI: After WWII the Soviet Union had established themselves as a major world power, competing with the United States in creating a lasting economy and society.__ __Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847__ __MI: After the reign of Stalin, Khrushchev and Gorbachev move away from his strict rule and created more freedom and better ties with foreign nations.__
 * By 1945 the dominant force in eastern Europe was the Soviet Army
 * New Soviet regimes attacked possible rivals for power, including the Roman Catholic church
 * collectivization of agriculture ended the large estate system and industrialization used five-year plans
 * After NATO was formed in western Europe, eastern nations were combined into the Warsaw Pact as a common defense alliance- Soviet troops were stationed in most eastern states to confront the Western states to ensure the continuation of their new regimes
 * **Berlin Wall-** built in 1961 by the Soviets to Berlin into East and West Berlin; one side was owned by the Soviets as the other was owned by the British, French, and U.S.
 * **Nikita Khrushchev-** gained political power in 1956 and sought to match Stalin's- attacked Stalinism for its concentration of power and dictatorship- condemned Stalin for his treatment of political opponents, narrow interpretations of Marxist doctrine, and for his failure to prepare for WWII- he was a very large supporter of the de-Stalinization campaign
 * Khrushchev continued to compete with the West in the Cold War- Sputnik became the first space satellite in 1957- Soviets continued to build their military as well as their space program
 * **Mikhail Gorbachev-** 1985 gained power- renewed some attacks on on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some old bureaucrats- showed a more Western style by wearing more fashionable clothes and holding open press conferences- modified the Soviet's cold war stance- wanted to reduce the nuclear armament and missiles
 * **Glasnost-** "openness," Gorbachev had a policy that implied new freedom to comment and criticize- wanted to reduce bureaucratic inefficiency and unproductive labor in the Soviet economy- he encouraged more decentralized decision making
 * **Perestroika-** economic reconstruction- created more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture
 * **Boris Yeltsin-** took part in naming the end of the Soviet Union in 1991- Gorbachev fell from power- Yeltsin used force to bring Russia's parliament under control
 * the Soviet Union gave way to the loose Commonwealth of Independent States
 * **Vladimir Putin-** named president in 1999 vowed to clean up corruption and install more effective governments- he declared his commitment to a democracy and a free press but sponsored attacks on dissident television stations and newspapers
 * Yeltsin's power became less powerful as the economy was doing badly as well as his own health

Leader Analysis Sheet


 * Name of Leader: Joseph Stalin ||
 * Lifespan 1878-1953 || Title: First General Secretary of the Communist Party ||
 * Country/region: Soviet Union || Years in Power 1922-1953 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Lenin and the Bolsheviks had established Communist principles into society
 * The Russian Revolution was successful and the Communist Party controlled the government
 * Lenin showed support for Marxist beliefs in overthrowing capitalism ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Fused the ideas of Marx and Lenin and established a rule from his own interpretation of their beliefs
 * Stalin believed in industrializing the Union to catch up to the West
 * Wanted to reform agriculture and remove the estate system ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Stalin established collectivization of agriculture where large, state built farms were operated, the large estate system was eliminated
 * Stalin introduced five year plans under the state planning commission and began to set priorities for industrial development- government constructed factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power
 * Removed the kulaks in the 1930s
 * Continued to show the power of the Communist Party- capitalism was restricted ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Collectivization in agriculture got the Soviet economy to skyrocket || Long-Term Effects
 * Stalin industrialized and modernized the Soviet Union
 * He brought them forward in technology and economic strategy ||

__Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present__ Russia's political structure from 1914 to the present has been changing from leader to leader in the shapes of Communism, and more recently, Democracy. Though differing in ideas of political structure throughout the years, all Russian leaders base their political actions on the benefit of the people.

Russia's political structure from 1914 to the present has seen a change from communist rule to a democratic rule, though unchanging was the state of autocratic rule expressed by all of the leaders. __Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present__ From 1914 to the present, society has moved from a pro-Communist belief to a pro-Democratic belief, more jobs have been created by industrialization, and women have since gained rights, whereas poverty has been a constant.

The Kulaks were removed along causing a cultural change in supporting the Communist Party.

__Toward Revolution in China 685-689__ __MI:__ Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830
 * Outline Notes on China**
 * **May Fourth Movement-** 1919- Western ideas were becoming more popular in Chinese culture- resistance began against Japan (they owned some Chinese lands given to them by the Germans after WWI) by boycotts, riots, and destruction
 * **Li DaZhao-** intellectual who researched Marxist ideology and passed it on to students
 * **Mao Zedong-** student of Li DaZhao- became the first leader of the Communist Party of China- unified China
 * **Chiang Kai-Shek-** founded and ran the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924; Chaing wanted to get rid of the Communist Party in China and reestablish the Nationalist Party to control China
 * **Long March-** Mao led his troops on a 1000 mile walk to Shaxi; the troops stayed there until the Japanese invasion of China in WWII
 * The Nationalist Party took over China in the 1920s
 * **People's Republic of China-** established in 1949 by Mao Zedong- aid was given to peasants and strategies for a better economy were developed- the Nationalist Party was removed from China
 * **Mass Line Approach-** agricultural cooperatives were formed in 1955 after China had completely become a peasant kingdom- industrialization was the ticket for China to reestablish itself as a great nation
 * **Great Leap Forward-** 1958- Mao encouraged people to use their own materials to create their own goods- he was against developing plants for industrialization- this caused an economic disaster- famines came about and the birth rate was on the rise as well
 * **Jiang Qing-** Mao Zedong's wife- r evolutionary who used the power of Mao to create equality for women in China - was against old teachings of women being subordinate- her attempts were successful and women were nearly equal to men though it was hard for women to find jobs outside of the household
 * **Cultural** **Revolution-** 1965- Mao's last campaign- Mao had lost power- he inspired students to form groups like the **Red Guard-** which were essentially armies that fought against Mao's rivals-
 * **Gang of Four-** led by Jiang Qing, tried to gain control of the government from Deng- they were stopped and imprisoned
 * China continued to have success under new leadership

Leader Analysis Sheet


 * Name of Leader:Mao Zedong ||
 * Lifespan1893-1976 || Title: Chairman of the Communist Party of China / Chairman Mao ||
 * Country/region: China || Years in Power 1949-1976 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * China is weak and broken up into many groups trying to gain power
 * Laws were passed by the National People's Congress of China- nationalist party
 * It was under control of the state's leadership system
 * There is a poor economy and barley any industrialization ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Sought to help the poorly represented peasants
 * Wanted to bring China back to the state it was in in the previous dynasties- wanted to make it a great place again
 * Lenin and Marxist beliefs influenced his leadership decisions ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Got rid of the nationalist party from China
 * Established the People's Republic of China
 * Attempted to lower the birth rate
 * Attempted the Great Leap Forward, but failed and caused famine and economic depression ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Helped out suffering peasants
 * Brought famine upon the people of China temporarily
 * Got rid of Nationalist Party || Long-Term Effects
 * Established the People's Republic of China
 * Got rid of Nationalist Party
 * Brings Communism to China ||
 * p. 848-849: Democratic Protest and Repression in China**
 * China is becoming worse and worse through riots and and strikes/demonstrations
 * Chinese government is looking to help the people and to keep them out of harm
 * China doesn't want to stay in such bad state
 * Feels as if the people are the driving force behind bringing the nation back into the status of its past

1.) Li Peng thinks that the protesting of the Chinese people is what is causing the turmoil in the government. 2.) He tries to persuade the Chinese to stop protesting by saying that China will stay in this bad state if they keep doing what they are doing 3.) He is trying to make China live up to what it had lived up to back in the old days. He is trying to make China a great place all over again. His arguments support communist beliefs because he supports industrialization. 4.) The Chinese did not accept democracy because they thought it wasn't good enough to be in control of China and that it would only cause more problems on top of the ones that they were already facing.

__Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present__ China has remained in struggle for a strong central political figure with a solid plan for China since 1914, involving much violence and unrest for the people. What has changed has been the switch from the Nationalist Party to the Communist Party, thus showing the differences among the leaders of China since 1914.

The need for military strength played a central role in the government throughout the time period. Changes included the change from the Nationalist to the Communist Party.

__Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present__ The roles among women and men have changed since 1914 in China, with women gaining many rights making them equal to men. That having changed, all people in Chinese society had remained under strict communist rule.

In the 20th century both China and Russia were (very/vaguely) (similar/different) in that... GIVE MEASURES.
 * 9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**

Topic Sentence #1: (Must indicate what you will be comparing/contrasting) Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #2: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #3: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison


 * 10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

Thesis Statement:

Topic Sentence #1: (Must indicate what you will be comparing/contrasting) Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #2: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #3: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison