The+Muslim+Empires

__**Ottoman Empire**__ > || __**Mughals**__
 * ESPIRIT:**
 * E || * The empire focused more on warfare and expansion-new members were acquired through expansion ||
 * S || * Military leaders played a major role in the Ottoman state
 * **Janissaries**- made up of troops of dominated adolescent boys in conquered areas- some parents gave up their children to acquire advancements and opportunities- they were converted to Islam and given an education
 * Ottoman cities belonged to the merchant and artisan classes
 * Goods were monitored
 * Peasants were largely taxed and also had to work for officials- led to uprisings
 * Artisans were organized into guilds - provided financial assistance to their members ||
 * P || * Warrior aristocracy controlled land and peasant laborers who would support their households
 * Rulers were absolute monarchs
 * People maintained their positions by remaining members of the warrior elite
 * Ottoman sultans lived in luxury while their subjects were becoming distant and followed court rituals that the Byzantine, Persian, and Arab dynasties had followed
 * **Vizier**- the head of the bureaucracy had more power than the sultan and led their armies into battle
 * State bureaucrats allowed local officials to retain revenue
 * The central government was poorly organized
 * Ottoman conquest meant that an effective administration would be introduced and relief of taxes ||
 * I || * Ottoman armies drove the Venetians and Genoese from the eastern Mediterranean
 * Threatened southern Italy with invasions
 * In the 14th century the Ottoman empire had already conquered Constantinople
 * Extended their empire into Syria, Egypt, North Africa, Balkans, Hungary, and the Black and Red Seas
 * During the fight at Lepanto in 1571, they had lost some of their territories-within one year they had launched an attack on north Africa
 * They had lost control of he Mediterranean
 * **Mehmed II** led an army in 1453 to attack the Byzantine Empire- used guns and cannons in order to destroy the cities fortified walls- after the walls had been destroyed, his army had looted the city for three days
 * Wanted to become the Islamic heartlands
 * Sieged the capital of Austrian Habsburg
 * R || * The Muslims retained their own religion
 * They built mosques
 * Focused on making their empire supreme
 * Saint Sophia was converted into a mosque ||
 * I || * Muslim literature contained information about it's prosperity and its decline ||
 * T ||  ||
 * ESPIRIT**


 * E || MI: Though the Mughals had a smaller market, they had necessities other countries needed to keep a steady income of goods.


 * Indian textile were widely approved in the market
 * Indian cloth became a fashion ||
 * S || M I: Akbar imposed many regulations in his society which put control over people and gave women benefits.


 * Beggars and vagabonds were given benefits from **Akbar**
 * He tried to regulate a drinking policy- negative effects on society
 * Encouraged widow remarriage- everyone should be married
 * Discouraged child marriages- marriage age rose in turn ||
 * P || MI: During the rule of Babur the Mughal empire grew. It was not until Akbar had taken over that the empire had become powerful and new laws were imposed to maintain his subjects.
 * **Babur** was a descendant of the Turkic conqueror Timur- his followers were Turkic or mixed nomadic origins-directed raids in order to win back his kingdom- couldn't fully acquire his empire- was interested in conquering northern India
 * **Humayan** was the son of Babur- he lost battles after his father's death and was forced to flee to Persia- while hiding in exile he launched a series of campaigns to restore Mughal rule
 * **Akbar**- son of Humayan took the rule after his death- his reign was compared to that of Elizabeth I of England- oversaw his empire building- abolished jizya (head tax)-gave power to the Hindus and asked them to respect cows
 * Warrior aristocrats formed the core of the empire gave support to the emperor- needed to have cavalry-i n return they had acquired peasant villages
 * Court and central bureaucracy supported from the tribute paid by the military and the taxes on the land ||
 * I || MI: The Mughal Empire expanded their territory through war by using their warrior aristocrats.
 * Babur had conquered the large portions of the Indus and Ganges plains in two years
 * Warrior aristocrats formed the core of the empire gave support to the emperor- needed to have cavalry-i n return they had acquired peasant villages ||
 * R || MI: Akbar tried to impose his own religion in order to stop the fighting between his Hindu and Muslim subjects to create a more peaceful empire. It failed.
 * Akbar created his new faith which was **Din-i-Ilahi**- used to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects- was used in order to stop the conflict ||
 * I || MI: Old Mughal practices had been removed and women were given more freedom.
 * Babur designed gardens for his capital in Delhi- wrote music and wrote the greatest histories of India
 * Akbar had removed the practice of sati where women were burned alive during their husband's funerals-encouraged merchants to open a special market only for women during the day ||
 * T || MI: The empire created their own style of decoration despite the lack of technological advancements.
 * Used white marble and semiprecious stones for tombs and mosques
 * Used floral patternsfor foundation
 * Taj Mahal ||

__**Safavids Empire**__
 * ESPIRIT:**
 * E || MI: The Safavid economy was dependent on a merchant class which provided them with sources of materials and prosperity.
 * Abbas I built rest houses and extensive roads- workshops were made to produce silk and textiles and carpets
 * **Isfahan**- capital during Abbas I's rule ||
 * S || MI: Social roles of men and women were similar to those of other empires such as during the Mongol imposed systems.
 * Warrior nobles were given villages and peasants were required to supply the troops- had key posts in the imperial administration- threatened the Safavid monarchs
 * Uncultivated land had caused peasants to flee- peasantry was increasing as invasion and outbreaks broke out
 * Women faced social disadvantages; subordinated to their fathers and husbands; they had no political or religious power; were active in money-lending and trade ||
 * P || MI: Military leaders played a major role in protecting their empire and expanding it to an even greater extent.
 * **Sail al-Din** began a military campaign to reform Islam and spread Muslim teachings**- Red heads** were his enemies during the time
 * **Tahmasp I** took the throne- Turkic chiefs wanted supreme power- Ozbergs were driven away from Safavid
 * Shah Abbas I- the empire remained strong and powerful- Turkic chiefs were converted into a warrior nobility
 * To end the warrior nobles form gaining too much power Persians were hired to take positions in courts and the imperial bureaucracy
 * **Abbas the Great** educated and converted children who were captured in Russia- they became the core of the military ||
 * I || MI: Interactions between the Ozbegs and the Sunnis had caused long term fighting and constant setbacks for the Safavid Empire.
 * Ottoman and Mughal armies took down the weakening Safavid Empire -rebellions and disputes had began tearing the empire
 * **Isma'il** led his military to victory after several battles- captured the city of Tabriz -proclaimed shah (emperor)-conquered Persia and drove the Safavid's enemies the Ozbegs to the Asian steppes
 * **Chaldiran** in northwest Persia- a battle was fought between the Sunni and Shi'a divisions- fought against Sunni Ottoman slaughtering Shi'a and Safavid persecutions of Sunnis- despite using heavy artillery he was no match against the Ottoman empire; Ottomans could not conquer; allowed the Shi'as to gather their remaining troops and take back their cities ||
 * R || MI: Religion was important as Islam was spreading, people and conquered people were required to practice Islam and were educated.
 * Took the Shi'a majority of Islam rather than the Sunni- rivalry between the two groups had caused long fightings
 * Persian religious scholars were paid by the government to give their services
 * **Mullahs**-local mosques for prayers- all leaders were required to curse the first three caliphs- religious officials directed schools ||
 * I || MI: The old Turkish language was replaced by Persian.
 * Turkish language and writing were gradually replaced by Persian -became the language of the church and bureaucracy ||
 * T || MI: Despite having advanced technology, the empire was often short when it fought against the Ottoman empire, however, the empire still succeeded to a certain extent.
 * Field cannons
 * Muskets
 * Gunpowder ||